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In: Acta Horticulturae [Proceedings of the international conference on integrated fruit production, Leuven, Belgium, 27 July-1 August Imura O, Applied Entomology and Zoology. International Institute of Entomology, To estimate the mite fecundity, one newly emerged female from the development experiment and one male collected from the stock culture for mating were introduced into a Petri dish with a fresh leaf disc on water-saturated cotton.
When females began to lay eggs, their eggs were counted and removed daily until all experimental females died. The ovipositing females were transferred to the new leaf discs every three days. In this way, we evaluated the fecundity of 20 two-spotted mite females per each bean cultivar.
Tests of significance for population level life table parameters among the bean cultivars were conducted using the jackknife procedure Meyer et al. A t-test was run for comparison of total immature developmental times of males and females on the same cultivar. Results Developmental times of immature stages The developmental times of various stages males and females of TSSM on six bean cultivars are given in Table 1.
The longest and shortest value of life span period was recorded on white Pak and red Akhtar cultivar, respectively. The life span of females was significantly longer than the males. Egg hatchability ranged varied from Immature stages mortality rate varied from The greatest mortality during immature stages occurred on white Pak and the lowest occurred on red Akhtar. Among immature stages, the greatest mortality occurred during the egg stage.
The sex ratio male: female of offspring on all bean cultivars were significantly female -biased. The greatest Female longevity and Fecundity The pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition periods and females longevity of TSSM on six bean cultivars are shown in Table 3. Table 2. Daily egg production was highest on red Akhtar, which was significantly greater than the other cultivars. Age-specific survival lx and age-specific fecundity mx of Tetranychus urticae on six bean cultivars presented in fig.
The results of present study indicate that TSSM completed its development on all bean cultivars. The highest and lowest survival rates of immature stages were recorded on red Akhtar and white Pak, respectively Fig.
Population growth parameters Population growth parameters of the TSSM on the six bean cultivars are presented in Table 4. The net reproductive rate R0 was the highest on red Akhtar and lowest on white Pak.
The lowest and greatest values of doubling times DT were estimated to be 2. Discussion In the present study, biological characteristics of TSSM were investigated on six bean cultivars. These parameters indicate the insect population growth rates in the current and next generations Frel et al. In this research, the results showed that the development times of TSSM differed among bean cultivars. In other words, the population growth parameters of T.
The required time for immature development of T. The profound effect of different bean cultivars on fecundity, population growth parameters, survivorship and population density of the TSSM has also been proved Ahmadi et al. Population growth parameters of T. Puttaswamy on cucurbit, Adango et al. These variations could be ascribed to differences in host plant quality, environmental factors, either reflected in differences in nutrients required by the mite or differences in the levels of secondary metabolites Fu et al.
Previous studies on TSSM attributed population growth variation to be related to plant nutrition, leaf age, leaf surface structure and secondary compounds Krips et al. Changes in plant quality following herbivory contribute to spider mite reproduction and survival and may explain the differential growth of spider mite populations on small and large plants Karban Indeed, differential plant induction based on size and phenology has been previously reported Stout et al.
Our findings indicated that the development times of immature stages of TSSM females were similar to males on each bean cultivar in laboratory conditions.
This result is close to the results of Laing , who found similar development times for males and females The results of some researchers Rajakumar et al. Ahmadi et al. Shih et al.
According to this study, the survival rate of immature stages of T. Low mortality of immature stages suggests that the bean cultivars were not harmful to this mite. The age-specific survivorship lx The age-specific fecundity mx Age days Figure 1.
Age-specific survival lx: simple line and age-specific fecundity mx: solid diamonds of Tetranychus urticae on six bean cultivars. Egg hatchability, development time and survival to adult stage were similar among bean cultivars. Razmjou et al.
These results indicated that the developmental cycle of T. The net reproductive rate R0 and the intrinsic rate of natural increase rm are important indicators of tetranychid population dynamics Sabelis ; Krips et al. Comparisons of R0 and rm often provide considerable insight beyond that available from the independent analysis of individual life-history parameters Zhang et al. In the present study, bean cultivars greatly affected on fecundity and life-table parameters of TSSM Table 4.
The rm values ranged from 0. The intrinsic rate of increase rm of two-spotted spider mite was the shortest on red Akhtar. Our findings revealed that White bean cultivars Pak and G were less suitable cultivars for two-spotted spider mite. Sabelis , has reported rm values of T. The estimated net reproductive rate R0 on bean cultivars in present study are similar to those reported by Silva et al.
The same situation may have influenced the mean generation time T , where Silva et al. Therefore, among examined cultivars, red Akhtar and white Pack are the most susceptible and resistant cultivars for TSSM, respectively.
Daily fecundity of TSSM, was estimated from These parameters on cucumber Cucumis sativus L. The total number of eggs laid per female in her lifetime was averaged as According to Razmjou et al. These results complemented previous studies, demonstrating variation in mite performance on different cultivars of the same crop.
The use of crop cultivars that support only low pest population growth or even resistant varieties is an important part of integrated pest management IPM Razmjou et al. An important goal of future research will be to compare the varieties susceptibility to two-spotted spider mite with other economically relevant traits.
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