Pakistani cookbook pdf

October 1, , am. Latest Posts. What are the characteristics of Pakistani culture? How did Sir Syed establish cordial relations with the British? Press ESC to close. All topics on the Syllabus are covered. Learners can track their progress with self-assessment questions, and exam-style questions can help them prepare thoroughly for their exams.

Throughout the book, contemporary contexts and applications are discussed, increasing the relevance and interest of the material for students. Show Comments. Leave a Reply Cancel reply. Share Article:. Books for ppsc exam 11 December Pakistan Studies book for class 10th in English pdf. Login ID. Latest Posts. What are the characteristics of Pakistani culture? How did Sir Syed establish cordial relations with the British? Press ESC to close.

They will also…. Size 0. What is the Two Nation Theory? Download Free Books. Tagged in: O Level. Show Comments. Leave a Reply Cancel reply. Share Article:. Ideology of pakistan by sharif al mujahid pdf 23 June To him, this was the only way for the Muslims to prosper.

The ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as following: 1. To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslims 2. To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education 3. To persuade Muslims to abstain from agitational politics Fortunately, Syed Ahmad Khan was able to attract a number of sincere friends who shared his views and helped him. All these personalities advocated the cause set by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.

Some English professors like Bech, Morison, Raleigh and Arnold also contributed greatly in building up the Aligarh college into a first rate institution. Hassan Askari - CSS Forums the Muslims and to persuade them to get modern education and abstain from politics; it later became a political mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and the forerunner of the All India Muslim league.

His Risala Asbab-i- Baghawat-i-Hind in ; and other writings as Loyal Mohammedans of India; Tabyin-ul-Kalam and Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya rooted out the misunderstandings about Islamic teachings and helped create a cordial relation between the British Government and the Indian Muslims and also helped to remove the misunderstanding about Islam and Christianity.

It was this platform from where Syed Ahmad Khan strongly forbade the Muslims to join the Hindu dominated political party, the Indian National Congress. He regretted the Urdu-Hindi controversy initiated by Hindus and predicted that both the nations could no longer live together. He stood for reserved Movement theory. Thus Aligarh Movement succeeded in achieving its major objectives and boosted up the depressed Muslim community to the real status of nation.

Page not found. The requested URL does not exist. This is the period when the great Mughal Empire was close to a complete collapse. Sir Syed got interest in English from his maternal family. Ikram, Modern Muslim India, p. The death of his brother made him serious and energetic to face the neuroses of life courageously.

Another event that changed him entirely was the War of Independence in In , he passed examination and became sub-judge. At the eve of the War of Independence he was performing the duties as sub-judge in Bijnore. He established educational institutions and after coming at Aligarh he rejuvenated his aspirations to work for the depressed Muslims of the Subcontinent. He devoted his entire life for this purpose to bring the Muslims close to the British.

He died on March 27, and was buried in Aligarh. His Services He took responsibility of the Indian Muslims when they had been thrown in backwardness, depression andn humiliation.

The British held them criminal of the War while the Hindus had won the British being anti-Muslim force. In such environment, Sir Syed guided his community to rejoin the life. Abid, Muslim Struggle for Independence, p. Awakening among the Muslims about the political ups and downs and co-existence in the presence of other nations in India was another contribution of Sir Syed. He motivated the Muslims to absorb the modern education of the West because this was the very motive of the Western expansion in the world.

He visualized the bright future of the Muslims if they engaged themselves in the Western learning. Sir Syed won the British confidence and cordial relationship by saving their lives during the War of Independence. He utilized this relationship for the betterment of the Muslims. All Muslims were ousted from land, property and employments that made them third class citizens of India. This created revengeful sentiments among the Muslims who detested British, their culture and civilization.

Sir Syed was of the view that British were a civilized, educated, wise and disciplined nation and occupied India with the new war strategy and munitions that could not be matched by the locals and particularly by the Muslims. Therefore at the juncture the Muslims should mould themselves according to the pace of time to avoid more disaster.

Another factor was that he intended the Muslims to abstain from the politics that could result in friction with the ruling nation. Urdu-Hindi Controversy Urdu grew as common language of all the Indians regardless of origin or religion but in the Benarsi Hindus started campaign to replace Urdu by Hindi. To gain the objectives, they declared numerous organizations, which discouraged Sir Syed who said to Shakespeare that since now both the nations could not live together.

Later the followers of Sir Syed tried their level best to save Urdu language. Mohsin ul Mulk was the outstanding person who organized the Muslims in defense of Urdu. Some writers criticize that he declared Hindus and Muslims one nation. Hardy, pp. Muslims and Hindus joined the Association.

Its main purpose was to protect the political, religious and social rights of the Muslims. Sir Syed was great because he contributed greatly to the Muslim struggle for identity. Otto von Bismarck served the German nation with the help of all government sources but Sir Syed did the same without all this. Muslims and Hindus participated in the War of Independence but the British held only Muslims responsible for the rebellion. The Muslims were persecuted ruthlessly and left at the mercy of time.

The post war era was disastrous for the Muslims but some personalities emerged on the national scene and played excellent role to guide their people in this critical situation.

Their efforts for revival of the self- identity and political positioning in the Indian society enabled them to face any challenge in the future. Some important issues have already been discussed in the previous lectures. It popularized the agitational politics that Muslims could not afford because they were still recovering the past gaps. Partition of Bengal, 2. Simla Deputation, 3. Formation of the Muslim League, 4.

Changes in the Goals of the Muslim League, 5. Dr Abdul Hameed writes in his book, Muslim Separatism in India, that the partition was imperative even if Curzon had not initiated it.

Governor had problems in looking after the eastern areas. Mainly Muslim suffered because of the rotten administration by the British. Before , many proposals of partition of Bengal had been under consideration but Lord Curzon decided to practicalise this administrative scheme. East Bengal became incidentally a Muslim majority province having out of West Bengal was a Hindu majority province.

Muslims were very happy on the partition as this had enabled them to promote their life conditions. It was rightly an opportunity for compensation. The Muslim community supported it strongly but Hindus retaliated furiously saying it the division of motherland. The Congress joined the anti-partition movement. The river has a total drainage area exceeding , square miles. The river's estimated annual flow stands at around cubic kilometres. Beginning at the heights of the world with glaciers, the river feeds the ecosystem of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.

It has 20 major tributaries. The Indus provides the key water resources for the economy of Pakistan - especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh.

It also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan. The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; it begins at the confluence of the Sengge and Gar rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan mountain ranges. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit streams carry glacieral waters into the main river. It gradually bends to the south, coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The Indus passes gigantic gorges 15,, feet near the Nanga Parbat massif It swiftly flows across Hazara, and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir.

The Kabul River joins it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in plains of thePunjab and Sind, and the river becomes slow-flowing and highly braided. It is joined by Panjnad River at Mithankot. Passing by Jamshoro, it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta. The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons - it diminishes greatly in the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September.

There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times - it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch. History Paleolithic sites have been discovered in Pothohar, with the stone tools of the Soan Culture.

In ancient Gandhara, evidence of cave dwellers dated 15, years ago has been discovered at Mardan. There is an Indus site on theOxus river at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan Kenoyer , and the Indus site Alamgirpur at the Hindon river is located only 28 km from Delhi.

To date, over 1, cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Lothal, Dholavira, Ganeriwala, and Rakhigarhi. Only 90 to 96 of the over known Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries.

The Sutlej, now a tributary of the Indus, in Harappan times flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River, in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus. Some scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo- Aryans flourished in Gandhara from to BCE, when Mohenjo Daro and Harappa had already been abandoned.

However many modern researchers believe that the IVC was indeed an Aryan civilization. Sanskrit sindhu generically means "river, stream", probably from a root sidh "to go, move"; sindhu is attested times in the Rigveda, 95 times in the plural, more often used in the generic meaning.

Already in the Rigveda, notably in the later hymns, the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular, for example in the list of rivers of the Nadistuti sukta. This resulted 33 Prepared By Talib. The Indus has formed a natural boundary between the Indian hinterland and its frontier with Afghanistan and Iran.

It has been crossed by the armies of Alexander the Great - Greek forces retreated along the southern course of the river at the end of the Indian campaign. The Indus plains have also been under the domination of the Persian empire and the Kushan empire. It is a tributary of the Indus River. History A photograph from shows a passenger traversing the river precariously seated in a small suspended cradle.

It has been speculated that the Vitasta must have been one of the seven rivers sapta-sindhu mentioned so many times in the Rigveda. The name survives the a Kashmiri name for this river as Vyath. The river was regarded as a god by the ancient Greeks, as were most mountains and streams; the poet Nonnus in the Dionysiaca section 26, line makes the Hydaspes a titan-descended god, the son of the sea-god Thaumas and the cloud- goddess Elektra.

He was the brother of Iris the goddess of the rainbow, and half-brother to the harpies, the snatching winds. Since the river is in a country foreign to the ancient Greeks, it is not clear whether they named the river after the god, or whether the god Hydaspes was named after the river.

According to Arrian Anabasis, 29 , he built a city "on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes", which he named Bukephala or Bucephala to honour his famous horse Bukephalis which was buried in Jalalpur Sharif.

It is thought that ancient Bukephala was near the site of modern Jhelum City. They say that the name Phalia was the distortion of the word Bucephala.

Course The river Jhelum rises from north-eastern Jammu and Kashmir and is fed by glaciers, and then passes through the Srinagar district. At the city of Srinagar, the serpentine Jhelum, along with the lake Dal which lies in its course, presents a very picturesque site. The Kishenganga Neelum River, the largest tributary of the Jhelum, joins it near Muzaffarabad, as does the next largest, the Kunhar River of the Kaghan valley. It also connects with 34 Prepared By Talib.

It is then joined by the Poonch river, and flows into the Mangla Dam reservoir in the district of Mirpur. The Jhelum enters the Punjab in the Jhelum District. From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the Chaj and Sindh Sagar Doabs.

It ends in a confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in District Jhang. It is the main river in the eastern part of Afghanistan. It flows km before joining the Indus River near Attock. The Kabul river itself is little more than a trickle for most of the year, but swells in summer due to melting snows.

Its largest tributary is the Kunar, which starts out as the Mastuj River, flowing from the Chiantar glacier in Chitral, Pakistan and once it flows south into Afghanistan it is met by the Bashgal river flowing from Nurestan. The Kunar meets the Kabul near Jalalabad. In spite of the Kunar carrying more water than the Kabul, the river continues as the Kabul River after this confluence, mainly for the political and historical significance of the name.

It drains much of the water of Pothohar. It starts near a small village Bun in the foothills of Patriata and Murree. It provides water to Simlbee Dam, which is reservoir of water for Islamabad. Near Pharwala Fort it cuts through a high mountain range and that is a wonderful phenomenon of nature. The place is called Swan Cut. No stream can cut such a high mountain. It proves the Swaan was there before the formation of this range. And when the 35 Prepared By Talib. Ling stream, following a relatively long course though Lehtrar and Kahuta falls in the Swaan near Sihala.

Islamabad Highway crosses this stream near Sihala where famous bridge Cock Pull is constructed over it.

Another famous, Lai stream joins this stream near Swaan Camp. After walking a tortuous path and creating a big curve, the stream reaches Kalabagh where it falls into the Indus river. This relatively small stream is more than kilometers long. Due to its mountainous course and shallow bed, it is hardly used for irrigation purposes. For grinding wheat, you can find ancient types of flour mills near Chakian. Fishing is not possible in this stream as a profession.

Rohu is the main species of fish in this stream. The general direction of the rivers is from Southwest to northeast. The Zhob River rises at Tsari Mehtarazai pass, the watershed a distance of about kilometers. The broad plain of the Zhob River is occupied by the alluvial formation. The Kundar River rises from the central and highest point of the TobaKakar range, a few kilometers northeast of the Sakir.

It constitutes boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan territory for a considerable length. A main source of the river is Lulusar lake, nearly 48km from Naran Valley. It lies between the Miranzai Valley and the Afghan border, and is inhabited by the Turis, a tribe of Turki and Parthian origin who are supposed to have subjugated the Bangash Pathans about six hundred years ago. It is highly irrigated, well peopled, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves, to which a fine background is afforded by the dark pine forests and alpine snows of the Safed Koh.

The beauty and climate of the valley attracted some of the Mogul emperors of Delhi, and the remains exist of a garden planted by Shah Jahan. The route crossed the Peiwar Pass 3, m 11, ft high, just over 20 km west of Parachinar, which was blocked by snow for several months of the year. Formerly the Kurram Valley was under the government of Kabul, and every five or six years a military expedition was sent to collect the revenue, the soldiers living meanwhile at free quarters on the people.

It was not until about that the Turis were brought directly under the control of Kabul, when a governor was appointed, who established himself in Kurram. The Turis, being Shiah Muslims, never liked the Afghan rule. During the second Afghan War, when Sir Frederick Roberts advanced by way of the Kurram Valley and the Peiwar Kotal to Kabul, the Turis lent him every assistance in their power, and in consequence their independence was granted them in The administration of the Kurram Valley was finally undertaken by the British government, at the request of the Turis themselves, in Technically it ranked, not as a British district, but as an agency or administered area.

The Turis on the first annexation of the Kohat district by the British had given much trouble. They had repeatedly leagued with other tribes to harry the Miranzai valley, harbouring fugitives, encouraging resistance, and frequently attacking Bangash and Khattak villages in the Kohat district.

Accordingly, in a British force of 4, troops traversed their country, and the tribe entered into engagements for future good conduct. During the frontier risings of the inhabitants of the Kurram valley, chiefly the Massozai section of the Orakzais, were infected by the general excitement, and attacked the British camp at Sadda and other posts.

A force of 14, British troops traversed the country, and the tribesmen were severely punished. In Lord Curzon's reorganization of the frontier in , the British troops were withdrawn from the forts in the Kurram Valley, and were replaced by the Kurram militia, reorganized in two battalions, and chiefly drawn from the Turi tribe.

In recent years the Kurram Valley has once again assumed a very strategic position and has been an area of intense military activity between the Taliban and American and allied forces. Lyari River passes through the city of Karachi from north east to the center and drains into the Arabian Sea. Lyari river is one of the two rivers passing through Karachi and the other isMalir River. Malir River passes through the city of Karachi from northeast to the centre and drains into the Arabian Sea.

Malir river is one of the two rivers passing through Karachi and the other isLyari River. In a rainy season this river flow with lot of water 37 Prepared By Talib. If the goverment becomes searious to this matter and construct a dam on this river, it will benefit the whole of Karachi a great deal. Its name is derived from the Persian for 'panj' meaning 'five' and 'kora' meaning 'river'. The combined stream runs southwest for approximately 45 miles and joins Indus River at Mithankot.

The Indus continues into the Arabian Sea. A dam on Panjnad has been erected; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and Sind provinces south of the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers. It is one of the five rivers which give Punjab its name.

It originates in theHimalayas in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh following a north-westerly course. It turns to the south-west, near Dalhousie, and then cuts a gorge in the Dhaola Dhar range entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur. It then flows along the Indo-Pak border for some distance before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab river.

The total length of the river is about km. It is also called 'The river of Lahore' since that great city is located on its eastern bank. On its western bank is located the famous tomb of Jahangir.

Rig Veda Part of the battle of the ten kings was fought on the Parushani river, which according to Yaska nirukta 9. The river is tributary to Indus River and meets the Indus in Skardu valley.

It is the easternmost afluent of the Punjab, and it receives the Beas River in the state of Punjab, India and continues into Pakistan to join the Chenab River to form the Panjnad River, which further down its course joins the Indus River at Mithankot.

At present, most of its water is diverted to irrigation canals and used up in India. The Bhakra-Nangal Dam is a huge multipurpose dam on the river. There is substantial evidence to indicate that prior to B. It is believed that tectonic activity created elevation changes that redirected the Sutlej from southeast to southwest. Once flowing in its new westward direction, the river eventually joined the Beas river. As a result, the mighty Sarasvati River began to dry up, causing the desertification of Cholistan and Sindh, as well as the abandonment of numerous ancient human settlements along its banks.

Swat River irrigates vast area of Swat District and contributes to fishing industry of the region. Saidu Group's of teaching hospitals also located at the banks of Swat River. Malamjaba ski resort is about 10 miles away from the river.

Ayub Bridge is one of the attractions for visitors. The scenery attracts many tourists from all over Pakistan during the summer. It is said that Alexander the Great crossed the Swat River with part of his army and before turning south to subdue the locals at what are now Barikoot and Odegram. Also, the banks of this river, which was earliest known asShrivastu, later Suvastu and currently the present name, is the place of origin of the Shrivastava sub-clan of the Indo-Aryan Kayastha clan Some 30 years ago, the water was fit for drinking even in Mingora km downstream from Kalam , but now it is not safe even in Kalam.

It is also sometimes referred to as the Gambila River. Zhob city is located on banks of Zhob river.